The movement of mainlands on the planet Earth in different periods from 225 million years ago to present due to continental drift.
Later, during the Permian period (299 million to 251 million years ago), "many former peri-Gondwanan terranes drifted off the north-east Gondwana margin, commencing the opening of the Neotethys Ocean," according to the chapter. For instance, "the Paleotethys Ocean to the east of Pangea remained wide throughout the Carboniferous and presented something of a barrier between the supercontinent and a number of large, independent Asian terranes, including Tarim, North China, South China, and Annamia." "Pangea never included all the continents at any one time," according to the chapter. However, Pangaea wasn't the megalithe most people think it is. Another ocean - called Iapetus, after a mythical Greek titan - between the paleo-continents Laurentia, Baltica and Gondwana, began to close during the Ordovician period (485 million to 444 million years ago) and then disappeared during the Silurian period (444 million to 419 million years ago), when Baltica and Avalonia collided with Laurentia to form Laurussia, according to the chapter, " Phanerozoic paleogeography and Pangea."įinally, about 320 million years ago, there was a major collision, geologically speaking, "when Gondwana, Laurussia, and intervening terranes collided to form the Pangea supercontinent," according to the chapter, written by Earth scientists Trond Torsvik, Mathew Domeier and Robin Cocks. The Northern Hemisphere was largely covered by the Panthalassic Ocean. In the early Phanerozoic eon (541 million years ago to now), almost all of the continents were in the Southern Hemisphere, with Gondwana, the largest continent, spanning from the South Pole to the equator, according to a chapter in the scientific book " Ancient Supercontinents and the Paleogeography of Earth" (Elsevier, 2021). The supercontinent formed through a gradual process spanning a few hundred million years. The word "Pangaea" comes from the Greek "pan," which means "all," and "gaia" or "Earth," according to the Online Etymology Dictionary. (Image credit: Dimitrios Karamitros via Getty Images) The formation of the continents by the separation of Pangaea due to continental drift. And mountain chains that now lie on different continents, such as the Appalachians in the United States and the Atlas Mountains spanning Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia were all part of the Central Pangaea Mountains, formed through the collision of the supercontinents Gondwana and Laurussia. In the fossil record, identical plants, such as the extinct seed fern Glossopteris, are found on now widely disparate continents. And the orientation of magnetic minerals in geologic sediments reveals how Earth's magnetic poles migrated over geologic time, Murphy said. That indicates that North America and Europe must have once been a single landmass. Coal deposits found in Pennsylvania have a similar composition to those spanning across Poland, Great Britain and Germany from the same time period. Another telltale hint that Earth's continents were all one land mass comes from the geologic record. UNICEF works in more than 190 countries and territories, and over the last four years has helped more than 70 million people gain access to basic toilets in their homes, and improved sanitation services in over 51,000 schools.The first and most obvious was that the "continents fit together like a tongue and groove," something that was quite noticeable on any accurate map, Murphy said. That doesn’t just mean more toilets, but creating the desire for people to use them. It’s time to make a stink! In order to get everyone in the world using toilets, we need to triple our current efforts.It’s often a matter of where they live: 90% of people who practice open defecation live in rural areas.But still, 892 million people worldwide practise open defecation, meaning they go outside – on the side of the road, in bushes or rubbish heaps.Every dollar spent on sanitation has a return of US$5.50, according to WHO research. Without proper sanitation facilities, many are forced to miss school when they’re on their period. Schools without toilets can cause girls to miss out on their education.Would you show up if there were no toilets at your school? Globally, 1 in 3 schools do not have adequate toilets, and 23% of schools have no toilets at all.Over 750 children under five die every day from diarrhoea caused by unsafe water, sanitation, and poor hygiene. Toilets save lives! Without toilets, deadly diseases spread rapidly.
and a palace on Crete that was built around 1700 B.C.įast forward to today: around 60% of the world – 4.5 billion people – don’t have a toilet that safely manages human waste at home. Early contenders include an ancient settlement in Scotland dating back to 3000 B.C. It’s unclear who first invented the toilet.
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